Parasites & Disease

par•a•site [ˈparəˌsīt]
an organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense.

dis•ease [diˈzēz]
a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury.
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Mites (ectoparasitic arachnids)

MItes are tiny eight-legged creatures belonging to the Order Acarina and are related to spiders and ticks. Some mites live freely and others as parasites. Mites can attack plants and animals, carry disease, and cause allergies.Flying squirrels affected by:
Psorergates glaucomys
Euhaemogamasus ambulans
Trembicula micrati
Haemolaelaps megaventralis
Haemogamasus reidi
Androlaelaps fahrenholzi

Lice (ectoparasitic insects)

Lice are wingless, normally flat-bodied insects with short antennae, complex mouthparts and six short legs adapted for clinging to feathers, hair or fur. There are two basic types of lice: chewing lice (skin, feathers, fur) and sucking lice (blood).

Flying squirrels affected by:
Haploplura trispinosa
Nechaematopinus sciuropteri (this is the louse that transmits typhus fever bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii)from southern flying squirrrels to humans)
Enderleineilus replicatus
Microphthirus ucinatus

Fleas (ectoparasitic insects)
Flying squirrels affected by:
Opisodasys pseudarctomys
Epitedia faceta
Orchopeas howardii (this is the flea that transmits typhus fever bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii)from southern flying squirrrels to humans)
Peromyscopsylla catatina
Conorhinopsylla stanfordi
Leptopsylla segnis

Protozoa (endoparasitic, single-celled micro-organisms)
Flying squirrels affected by:
Eimeria parasciurorum
Eimeria dorneyi
Eimeria glaucomydis
Eimeria sciurorumTrypanosoma denysi




Acanthocephala (endoparasitic, bilaterally symmetrical worm-like organisms)
Flying squirrels affected by:
Moroliformis clarki


Nematoda (endoparasitic, (mostly) microscopically small,eelworms, roundworms, threadworms)
Flying squirrels affected by:
Capillaria americana
Citellinema biturcatum
Enterobius sciuri
Syphacia thompsoni
Strongyloides robustus


Cestoda (endoparasitic tapeworms, all of which lack a gut)
Flying squirrels affected by:
Raillietina bakeri

Disease

Flying squirrels in North America are considered to be vectors (carriers) of only ONE disease that affects humans, a form of typhus. The Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia state that this flying squirrel-specific typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) is endemic to parts of the eastern United States, but this disease rarely is passed on to humans (since 1976, only 30 cases have been reported, and not all were confirmed to be passed on by flying squirrels).

Typhus synonyms: epidemic typhus, louse-borne typhus fever, typhus exanthematicus, classical typhus fever, European typhus, Brill-Zinsser disease, jail fever

Flying squirrels are NOT associated with rabies, or any other known disease that affects humans. (Message to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency - there has never, ever been a report of a North American flying squirrel ever having contracted monkey pox. Mmmkay?)
This is not to say that flying squirrels can't contract rabies, just that this disease is a very rare occurrence in flying squirrels. The first ever recorded case of rabies involving flying squirrels as the known carrier was in 1961 (Venters H,D, Jennings, W.L., Rabies in a flying squirrel. Public Health Rep. March, 1962;77:200. PMID: 13925340 [PubMed - OldMedLIne for pre-1966). There have been but a few instances since that time, however, there is a much more prevalent transmissable disease that affects southern flying squirrels, namely epidemic typhus.
Epidemic typhus is a potentially severe, but treatable disease once thought to cycle exclusively between humans and body lice. In the mid-1970s, it was discovered that southern flying squirrels were a reservoir for the typhus pathogen,Rickettsia prowazekii.

No other animal is known to be a host species. In the past 25 years, 39 cases of flying squirrel suspected typhus in humans has been reported. Most occur during the winter months in flyer trappers and individuals removing nest debris from attics or nest sites. Individuals involved in inspection of red-cockaded woodpecker nest are at risk as flying squirrels frequently usurp their tree cavities.

Between 1962 and 1975, investigators demonstrated the typhus pathogen in southern flying squirrels captured in Florida and Virginia. In the decade after this discovery. a number of cases of typhus were documented among persons living in eastern and southern USA, all of whom had some type of contact with flyers.

In human transmission, body lice become infected while obtaining a blood meal from an infected individual and subsequently shed organisms in their feces before the lice themselves die of the infection. Humans then become infected by direct contact with the louse feces via a mucous membrane or dermal abrasion (usually from scratching irritated skin), or by inhaling infectious material (feces). The typhus incubation period is usually 12-14 days before early symptoms appear e.g. headache, chills, fever, nausea, and muscle aches. Fever is often higher in the evenings and does not get better with aspirin. Another common sign is a flat, red rash (typically on the trunk of the body and spreading to the limbs). Later signs are photophobia (bright light hurting the eyes), stupor, vomiting and leg pain. Severe complications are meningitis, encephalitis, pneumonia, renal failure, or gangrene of the extremities due to microvascular damage.

Typhus can also establish latency and reappear years or decades later in a recrudescent form called Brill-Zinsser disease. These symptoms are often milder, but not always less severe that the initial infection. Fatalities are rare.

Effective treatment consists of tetracycline therapy. Laboratory testing is the only definitive way to diagnosis typhus.

Flying Squirrel Reservoirs:

The isolation of the typhus organism in flying squirrels was discovered while studies were being done on the ecology of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Virginia and Florida in the 1970s. Most cases of typhus in humans have been reported from states within the range of the southern flying squirrel. Studies on the epizootiology of infection in wild populations of flyers indicate that the organism responsible for typhus exhibits a stable pattern of infection in animal populations rather than massive epidemic cycles. Flyers populations experience seasonal fluctuations in infection intensity with peak s during the winter and spring months. most new infections were noted in pups experiencing their first cold season.

During these months, there is a corresponding peak in the organisms that transmit typhus. Flyers carry the Rickettsia for 2 to 3 weeks before becoming ill. Flyers are hosts to 2 of the principle vectors of typhus ... fleas and lice.

Of the 39 cases of flyer-associated typhus, all but one case in California came from the Southern flyers range and most occurred during the winter. While many individuals were seriously ill and most hospitalized, no deaths occurred.

Transmission:

The mechanism of transmission from flyer to humans remain speculative. It is thought that the transmission is by inhalation or by skin or mucous membrane inoculation of infected infectious louse or flea feces. Histories of close contact with flyers or flyer nesting material in the days prior to illness onset exist in all cases.
These contact generally involve removal of flyers from a home or other building, or cleaning of an infested area.

The risk of infection to wildlife biologists and others exposed to flyers appear to be greatest during the colder months of the year and in handling flyers and nest material. Wildlife biologists engaged in red-cockaded woodpecker reintroduction are also at risk as are persons who maintain captive animals.

Prevention and Avoidance:

An individual may reduce his probability of developing the disease by protective measures (e.g. wearing gloves, eye protection. mask) when engaging in risky activity with flyers.

Typhus can be a severe disease and persons who are unable to take tetracycline because of pregnancy or allergic reactions are recommended to avoid handling flyers and flyer nests, or to rigidly adhere to the use of protective barrier equipment. This is also recommended for immunocompromised or immunosuppressed individuals.

Dr. Mary G. Reynolds et al., Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Diet while pregnant.

0-8 Weeks:

· Fresh Fruits And Vegetables.

· Starchy Foods, Such As Rice, Rotis (Including Mixed Grain Or Stuffed Roti), Whole Grain Bread, Pasta, And Baked/Boiled Potatoes.

· Foods Rich In Protein, Such As Lean Meat And Chicken, Eggs, Pulses (Such As Beans And Lentils) And Soya Nuggets.

· Dairy Foods, Such As Milk, Cheese, Cottage Cheese (Paneer) And Curd/Yoghurt.

Folic Acid:

It's Recommended That You Take A Daily Folic Acid Supplement Of 400mcg, When You Are Trying To Get Pregnant And For The First 12 Weeks Of Your Pregnancy.
You Need Folic Acid During Pregnancy To Help Protect Your Unborn Baby Against Developing Neural Tube Defects, Such As Spina Bifida.

You Can Also Get Plenty Of Folic Acid From Your Food. It's Referred To As Folate When It's In Your Food. Here Are Some Excellent Sources Of Folate:

· Green Leafy Vegetables: Spinach (Paalak), Fenugreek Leaves (Methi), Lamb's Quarters (Bathua), Mustard Greens (Sarson), Radish (Mooli) Leaves, Coriander (Hara Dhania), Mint (Pudina) And Lettuce (Salad Patta).

· Vegetables: Bitter Gourd (Karela), Bottle Gourd (Lauki), Apple Gourd (Tinda), Lady's Finger (Bhindi), Carrot (Gajar), Cauliflower (Phool Gobhi), Beetroot (Chukandar), Capsicum (Simla Mirch), Asparagus (Shatwar/Sootmooli), Broccoli (Hari Gobhi), French Beans (Faras Been), Peas (Matar), Corn (Makai), Cabbage (Patta Gobhi) And Brussels Sprouts (Chhoti Gobhi).


· Pulses And Lentils: Black-Eyed Beans (Lobhia), Bengal Gram (Chana), Soya Beans, Chickpeas (Kabuli Chana) And Kidney Beans (Rajma).

· Fruits: Muskmelon (Kharbuja), Avocado Or Butter Fruit (Makhanphal), Pomegranate (Anaar), Guava (Amrood), Oranges (Narangi/Santra), Sweet Lime (Mausambi, Kinnow) And Strawberries.


· Fortified Breakfast Cereal: Whole Wheat Flakes, Oats, Cornflakes, Wheat Germ And Wheat Bran. Whole Meal Bread, Whole Wheat Flour And Whole Wheat Pasta.

· Dry Fruits And Nuts: Walnuts (Akhrot), Peanuts (Moongphali) And Almonds (Badaam).

So Tired?:-

A Constant Feeling Of Fatigue Is Very Common In The Early Stages Of Pregnancy. Being Pregnant Puts A Strain On Your Entire Body, Which Can Make You Feel Exhausted During The Day.


Here Are A Few Things To Consider:

· Have Your Hemoglobin Levels Checked. Anaemia Is A Common Cause Of Tiredness, Especially If You Are Vegetarian.


· Eat Regular And Healthy Meals And Snacks. Having Refreshing Drinks Like Lemon Drink (Nimbu Pani) And Coconut Water Will Also Help Combat Tiredness.


· Go Easy On The Sugar. Biscuits, Chocolates, Cakes, Pastries, Mithai And Sweet Drinks Will Only Give You A Short Burst Of Energy. You May Feel Hungry Again Soon After Eating Them.


· Limit Your Intake Of Caffeinated Drinks. They May Perk You Up For A While But Too Much Caffeine Could Dehydrate You. The Amount Of Caffeine Recommended During Pregnancy Is No More Than 200mg A Day. Instead Have Nutritious Drinks Such As "Homemade" Lemonade (Nimbu Pani With Honey), Aam Panna, Chachor Fresh Orange Juice.

Healthy Drinks And Snacks During Pregnancy

In Addition To Other Fluids, Drink Eight To Ten Large Glasses Of Water A Day. A Refreshing Alternative Is A Glass Of Chilled Filtered Water With A Twist Of Lime Or Mint.

Here Are Some Other Healthy Drinks You Could Try:

· Skimmed Milk

· Coconut Water

· Banana Shake


It Is Best To Prepare Milk Shakes And Juices At Home And Drink Them Immediately. This Reduces The Risk Of Any Spoilage Or Contamination. Also Be Careful When Buying Drinks From Roadside Vendors As It Is Difficult To Be Sure Of Their Hygiene And Freshness Levels. 

You Could Also Include Herbal Teas For Variety, But Make Sure You Get The Go Ahead From Your Doctor First.

If You're Feeling Peckish And Want A Healthy Snack, You Could Try These:

· Upma

· Steamed Or Sautéed Corn Or Corn (Chaat)

· Mixed Vegetable Idli

· Grilled Paneer Tikka

· Fruit Or Vegetable Bhel Puri

· Dhokla Or Khandvi

· Sweet Potato Chaat

Try To Limit Your Intake Of Deep Fried And Ghee Laden Snacks. It Is Better To Use Plant Oils Rather Than Animal Fat That Is High In Saturated Fats.

Be Guided By Your Appetite But Beware Of ‘Emotional’ Eating That Could Make You Overeat At Times. Contrary To Popular Belief, You Don't Need Any Extra Calories In Your First Two Trimesters, So Don't Feel That You Have To Try And Eat For Two. If You Are Underweight Your Doctor Or Dietitian Will Recommend A Specific Meal Plan For You.

9-12 Weeks:

Eat Properly:

If You Have Morning Sickness, You May Not Have Much Of An Appetite At The Moment. Try Having Small, Regular Meals And Plenty Of Drinks. This May Help To Ease Your Nausea And Keep Your Energy Up If You’re Feeling Very Tired.

Nausea Is Not Only Unpleasant, But It Can Be Tricky To Deal With If You Have Not Yet Gone Public About Your Pregnancy. Although It Is Often Called Morning Sickness, Nausea Can Occur At Any Time Of The Day.

Some Tips To Help You With Morning Sickness:

· Keep Biscuits (Or Cream Crackers) By Your Bed And Nibble One Or Two Before Getting Up From Your Bed In The Morning. This Can Be Repeated Every Time You Lie Down During The Day As Well.


· When You Feel Sick, Sip A Ginger-Based Drink, Such As Ginger Tea (Adrak Ki Chai), Ginger Ale Or A Cup Of Hot Water With A Slice Of Fresh Ginger And Lemon. You Could Also Chew On A Small Piece Of Fresh Or Dried Ginger As And When You Feel Nauseous.


· Eat Small, Mildly Flavored Snacks Between Meals, Such As Poha Or Plain Khakara.


· If The Smell Of Food Makes You Feel Worse, Ask A Family Member To Take Over In The Kitchen For Sometime, Till You Feel More Settled. You Could Also Hire A Cook To Help You During This Period.


· Sniff Freshly Cut Lemons, Fresh Coriander Or Mint. Choose The One Which Works For You. You Can Also Add Some Slices Of Lemon Or Fresh Mint To Iced Tea Or Sparkling Water.

· Try These Natural Remedies To Cope With Morning Sickness.

If You Can't Keep Any Food Or Liquids Down For More Than A Day, See Your Doctor. Excessive Vomiting Should Be Brought To Your Doctor's Notice At The Earliest.

Do Keep In Mind That You Don't Have To Worry About Eating For Two. Most Women Don't Need Any Extra Calories Until The Third Trimester, When An Extra 300 Calories A Day Are Recommended. That Adds Up To Just One Slice Of Cheese With 2 Slices Of Bread, Two Idlis With Chutney Or A Large Serving Of Upma Or Poha.

However, Depending On Your Weight And Activity Levels You May Need To Eat Less Or More Than Usual. Speak To Your Doctor Or Dietitian To Work Out A Diet Plan Suited To Your Specific Needs.

B Vitamins:

Vitamin B6 May Help With Morning Sickness. It Also Helps Your Body To Use And Store Energy From Your Food And Produce Red Blood Cells. Many Foods Are Excellent Sources Of Vitamin B6, Such As Bananas, Brown Rice, Lean Meats, Poultry, Fish, Avocados, Whole Grains, Corn, And Nuts.


Vitamin B12 Is Also An Important Nutrient In Pregnancy. You Only Need Small Amounts Of This Vitamin To Keep You Healthy. But If You Have Very Low Levels, You Can Develop Anaemia Or Even Damage Your Nervous System.


If You Eat Meat Or Dairy Products Then You're Unlikely To Be Lacking In Vitamin B12. If You Are A Vegan, You Will Either Need To Include Plenty Of Foods That Are Fortified With Vitamin B12, Or Take A Supplement. Some Brands Of Soya Milk, Some Breakfast Cereals And Yeast Extract Are Fortified With Vitamin B12.

Magnesium:

Magnesium Is Important In Pregnancy For The Proper Growth Of Your Baby's Bones. It Is Also Essential For Your Muscle Health, Including Your Uterus. Magnesium Helps To Make And Repair Tissue In Your Body As Well.

Aim To Include These Magnesium-Rich Foods In Your Diet:

· Salad Greens

· Nuts

· Soya Beans

· Whole Grains

· Seeds Of Pumpkin, Melon (Magaz) And Sunflower (Surajmukhi Ke Beej)


Traces Of Magnesium Are Also Found In:

· Dried Fruits, Especially Figs (Anjeer), Apricots (Khubaani) And Raisins (Kishmish).


· Green Leafy Vegetables Such As Spinach (Paalak), Radish Leaves (Mooli Ka Saag), Lamb's Quarters (Bathua), Mustard Greens (Sarson), Fenugreek Leaves (Methi) And Lettuce (Salad Patta).


· Vegetables Such As Bottle Gourd (Lauki/Doodhi), Bitter Gourd (Karela), Peas (Matar) And Sweet Corn (Makai).

· Non-Refined Cereals Such As Whole-Wheatand Brown Rice.

· Pulses Such As Green Gram (Moong Dal) And Kidney Beans (Rajma).

· Dairy Products Such As Milk, Cottage Cheese (Paneer) And Curd/Yoghurt.

· Non-Vegetarian Foods Such As Fish, Poultry And Meat.


The Placenta Helps To Keep A Check On The Magnesium Reaching Your Baby. So Don't Worry About Taking In More Than You Need.

Healthy Snacks And Drinks:

These Drinks May Help Make Your Morning Sickness More Bearable:

· Aam Panna

· Homemade Jal Jeera

· Lemonade (Nimbu Pani)

· Homemade Tomato Soup

· Ginger Tea (Adrak Chai)

These Nutritious Snacks May Be Easier To Keep Down Than Other Foods During Your First Trimester:

· Whole Grain Crackers

· Rusks

· Cucumber Raita

· Banana Chaat

· Baked Papad With Rasam

13-16 Weeks:

Vitamins:

You Can Get Plenty Of Vitamins From Fresh Fruits And Vegetables. Try To Eat Five Portions Of A Variety Of Fruits And Vegetables Every Day. Eat Raw Vegetables Or Steam Them Instead Of Boiling Them. This Will Help You To Make The Most Of The Vitamins Vegetables Contain.
If You Are Worried About Your Diet, Speak To Your Doctor About Taking A Pregnancy Multivitamin. But Remember That No Supplement Can Be A Good Enough Substitute For Healthy Food.

Iron:

You Need Plenty Of Iron Every Day During Pregnancy Because It Helps You To Make Red Blood Cells For Your Growing Baby. You Can Also Become Anaemic If You Don't Have Enough Iron. Try To Have Plenty Of Foods Rich In Iron, Such As Lean Red Meat, Poultry And Fish. Your Body Can Absorb Iron Most Effectively From Non-Vegetarian Sources.

You Can Also Get Iron From Vegetarian Sources Such As Lentils, Pulses, Spinach (Paalak), And Iron-Fortified Breakfast Cereals. But Your Body Can’t Take In As Much Iron From These Foods. If You Include A Source Of Vitamin C At The Same Time, Such As Glass Of Orange Juice Or Nimbu Pani, This Will Help Your Body To Better Absorb The Iron.

Cooking In Iron Utensils Can Also Contribute To Improving The Iron Content Of The Food.

Black Tea And Coffee Can Interfere With The Absorption Of Iron, So It's Best Not To Have These Drinks With Or Soon After Your Meals.




Vegetarian Diet:

If You Are Vegetarian, You Should Take Extra Care To Ensure You Have Plenty Of Iron And Calcium. Good Sources Of Iron For Vegetarians Include Fortified Breakfast Cereals, Tofu, Wholegrain Bread, Dark Green Leafy Vegetables, Nuts, Pulses, Soya And Soya Products And Dried Fruits Such As Raisins, Dates And Figs.
You Can Get Calcium From Dairy Products, Chickpeas (Chana), Kidney Beans (Rajma) And Baked Beans, Sesame Seeds (Til), Almonds (Badaam) And Fortified Soya Products.

Healthy Snacks And Drinks:

These Drinks Are Packed With Vitamins And Minerals That You Need For A Healthy Pregnancy:

· Fresh Sapota (Chikoo) Or Mango Smoothie

· Freshly Squeezed Pomegranate (Anaar) Juice

· Lassi


Check Out Our Healthy And Alcohol-Free Drink Options For More Ideas.
Here Are Some Nourishing And Tasty Snacks For You To Try:

· Porridge Made From Different Cereals Such As Finger Millet (Ragi), Oats (Jai) Or Cracked Wheat (Dalia)

· Dhokla

· Wheat Noodles With Vegetables

· Rice Pancake (Appam)

17-20 Weeks:

Weight:

It's Best To Gain Weight Gradually. You'll Probably Put On Between 10kg And 12.5kg During Your Whole Pregnancy.
Bear In Mind That Weight Gain During Pregnancy Varies Among Women. So It Is Best To Concentrate On Eating Healthily. A Well Balanced Diet Includes Plenty Of Carbohydrates, Fruits And Vegetables, Protein, And Dairy Foods. And Just A Little In The Way Of Healthy Fats And Jaggery, Honey And Brown Sugar.

You May Not Have Put On Much Weight During The First Trimester, But Your Weight Should Steadily Increase During The Second Trimester As Your Baby Grows.

Omega 3 Fatty Acids:

Omega 3 Fatty Acids Are Important In Pregnancy For Your Baby's Brain And Eye Development. Oily Fish Such As Mackerel (Bangda) And Herring (Bhing) And Sardines (Pedvey Machli) Are Good Sources.
When Choosing Oily Fish, Bear In Mind That They May Contain Some Environmental Pollutants, Such As Pcbs (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) And Dioxins. So It's Best That You Don't Have More Than Two Portions A Week. Also, Try And Have The Smaller Sized Fish As Opposed To The Large Fish That Tend To Accumulate More Mercury.

If You're A Vegetarian, You Can Get Omega 3 Fatty Acids From Foods Such As:

· Tofu

· Soya Beans

· Walnuts (Akhrot)

· Leafy Green Vegetables

· Eggs

· Milk

· Sesame Seeds (Til)

You Could Try A Supplement Derived From Algae Or A Fish Oil Supplement Especially Formulated For Pregnant Women. However, It Is Safest To Speak To Your Doctor Before Taking Any Supplement.

Iodine:

By Around Week 14, Your Baby's Thyroid Gland Starts To Function And Begins To Make Its Own Hormones. The Thyroid Gland Needs Iodine To Work Properly.

Seafood Such As Fish, Shellfish And Seaweed Are The Richest Sources Of Iodine. If You Eat Fish, Cook Some Of These At Least Twice A Week:

· Haddock

· Mackerel (Bangda)

· Prawns (Jhingra)

· Salmon (Raawas)

· Sardines (Pedvey)

The Best Natural Sources Of Iodine Are Cereals, Pulses And Fresh Foods. Other Sources Of Iodine Include:

· Iodised Salt

· Dairy Products Such As Cheese, Paneer, Butter And Curd/Yoghurt

· Vegetables Like Mushrooms (Khumbi), Onions And Spinach (Paalak)

· Meat

· Eggs

Healthy Snacks And Drinks:

Choose From These Delicious Drinks:

· Rasam

· Black Plum (Kala Jamun) Smoothie

· Apple And Date Smoothie


Try These Great Snack Ideas:

· Whole Wheat Pasta And Vegetable Salad

· Homemade Fruit Yogurt

· Uttapam

· Jowar Methi Dhebra

· Corn Chaat

· Paneer Tikka

· Soya Kababs

Constipation:

You Can Ease Constipation By Eating Plenty Of High-Fibre Foods Such As:

· Oats (Jai) And Cracked Wheat (Dalia)

· Wholegrain Bread

· Whole Wheat Rotis

· Dried Fruit And Nuts

· Fresh Fruits And Vegetables


It Is Important To Drink Lots Of Water With A Fibre-Rich Diet. Fibre Absorbs Water And Not Having Enough Water May Worsen The Constipation. Some Mums Relieve Constipation By Using Natural Remedies Such As Eating Figs (Anjeer) And Psyllium Seeds (Isabgol).

Vitamin A:

You Need Vitamin A During Pregnancy Both For Your Sake And Your Baby’s. Vitamin A Is Essential For Night Vision, Cell Growth, Healthy Skin And Red Blood Cell Production. Vitamin A Exists In Our Food In Two Forms: Retinol And Beta Carotene. Both Forms Are Good For Your Health And Your Developing Baby’s.


Retinol Is Present In Egg Yolk, Butter, Margarine And Milk, All Of Which Are Good To Eat During Pregnancy. Liver Products Have Retinol As Well But In Too High Doses. So It Is Better Not To Eat Liver Or Liver Products During Pregnancy.

Good Sources Of Betacarotene Are:

· Carrots (Gajar)

· Sweet Potatoes (Shakarkandi)

· Papaya (Choose Ripe Ones)

· Oranges (Santra/Narangi)

· Green Vegetables, Especially Broccoli (Hari Gobhi) And Spinach (Paalak)

Cholesterol:

Cholesterol Is Vital For Keeping Your Placenta Healthy. Some Experts Say That Low Levels Of Cholesterol May Lead To Premature Labour. This Could Result In A Low Birth Weight Baby.


If You Have A Blood Test At This Stage Of Your Pregnancy, It Might Show Your Cholesterol Levels Are Higher Than Usual.




A Slight Increase From Normal Levels Is Usually Nothing To Worry About. Your Cholesterol Level Increases Slightly During This Stage Because It Is Needed In The Production Of Many Hormones.


Unless Your Doctor Advises Otherwise, Don’t Try To Change Your Cholesterol Levels During Pregnancy By Medication Or By Eating Foods That Claim To Reduce It.

Healthy Snacks And Drinks:

Here Are Some Flavoursome Drinks For You To Choose From:

· Beetroot (Chukandar) And Carrot (Gajar) Juice

· Fig (Anjeer) And Apricot (Zardaloo/Khoobani) Shake

· Watermelon (Turbooj) Juice

These Snacks May Help To Ease Constipation During Pregnancy:

· Steamed Sprout Salad

· Curd Rice

· Soya Granule Tikki

· Stuffed Millet (Bajra) Rotis

Simple tips for overcoming laziness.

LAZINESS:

It is the desire to be idle, to do nothing and resist effort.

It is a state of passivity and of letting things stay as they are.

Sometimes, we enjoy being a little lazy, such as after working hard for several hours, or on a very cold or warm day, but if this state occurs too often, something has to be done about it.

In order to perform our chores and work efficiently, and to live a full, active and successful life, we must learn how to overcome laziness.

SIMPLE TIPS FOR OVERCOMING LAZINESS:

1) Break down a task into smaller tasks
We often avoid tasks because we find them too big, too overwhelming, too tiring, or taking too much of our time.

Breaking a task into several smaller tasks can solve this problem. Then, each one will not seem so difficult or intimidating. Instead of having one big task, we will have a series of small tasks, which do not require too much effort.

This approach can be applied not only to tasks, but also to goals and everything else we have or need to do. This will

tend to melt much of the laziness and inner resistance we often experience.

2) Rest, sleep and exercise
In some cases, laziness is due to being tired and lacking energy. If this is true in your case, you need to give yourself the rest and sleep you need, and also give your body enough exercise and fresh air.

3) Motivation
In some cases, the reason for laziness is due to lack of motivation. You can strengthen your motivation through affirmations, visualization and thinking about the importance of performing your task or chore or achieving your goal.

4) Have a vision of what and who you want to be
Frequently reflecting on the person we want to be, the goals we want to achieve, and the life we want to live, can motivate us to act.

5) Think about benefits
Think about the benefits you will gain if you overcome your laziness and take action, instead of thinking about the difficulties or obstacles. Focusing on the difficulties of the task or action lead to discouragement, avoidance of taking action and to laziness. It is important that you focus your mind and attention on the benefits, not on the difficulties.

6) Thinking about the consequences
Think about what will happen, if you succumb to laziness, and don't perform your task or chore. Thinking about the consequences, if you do not act, can also push you to take action.

7) Doing one thing at a time
Focus on doing one thing at a time. If you feel you have a lot to do, you will probably feel overwhelmed and let laziness overcome you, instead of you overcoming laziness.

8) Visualization
Your imagination has a great influence on your mind, habits and action. Visualize yourself performing the task easily, energetically and enthusiastically. Do so before starting with a task or goal, and also when you feel lazy, or when your mind whispers to you to abandon what you are doing.

9) Repeat affirmations
Tell yourself:
"I can accomplish my goal."

"Doing things makes me stronger."
"Doing things makes things happen."

"I have the energy and motivation to act and do whatever I want or have to do."

10) Regards a task as an exercise
Consider each task as an exercise to make you stronger, more decisive and more assertive.

11) Procrastination
Avoid procrastination, which is a form of laziness. If there is something you have to do, why not do it right now and get through with it? Why let it stay nagging at the back of your head?

12) Learn from successful people
Watch successful people, and how they do not let laziness win. Learn from them, talk with them and associate with them.

Overcoming the habit of laziness is achieved through a series of daily actions and activities, when you choose to act, instead of remaining passive. Every time you overcome your laziness you get stronger. Every time you choose to act, you increase your ability to win, achieve goals and improve your life.

How to Take Care of Your Fish (Tanks)

All different shapes, sizes, and colors. Spikes, tails, pop eyes, you name it, fish have it. Fish are cool. But how do you look after them? All those water chemicals, live food, and business about putting two fish in the same tank sounds scary. However, don't sweat it... just read this guide! It contains all the information you need on taking care of those first fins. This guide takes you through buying fish, putting them in your tank, and looking after them.

1. 
   1
   Decide whether you want Tropical or Coldwater fish. Coldwater fish include goldfish and minnows. There are many types of tropical fish, from angelfish to corydoras catfish. Coldwater fish are usually a little more hardy, and will survive those first few mistakes.
   • Start off with inexpensive fish, even if you can afford expensive ones. Inexpensive ones are inexpensive because they are very successful in their natural environments or so comfortable in captivity that they even breed regularly and, in either case, do not die easily on their way to and in pet stores.
   • Do not start out with saltwater fish. They require techniques and understanding that are much more complex. Plus, the water you'll have to work with and that may leak is messy, slowly corrosive to metal, and conductive. If you believe you want a saltwater tank, get a medium sized tropical fish tank with some plants and see if you can keep that in perfect order first for a year or so.
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   Decide what kind and how many fish you want.
   • Research before putting species together. Some fish are compatible, others aren't. One might speculate that fish would enjoy some activity in their lives, so don't get just one. (The fish need not be the same species; for some territorial fish, it is best that it isn't. An armored catfish can be a good "companion" for such a beast.)
   • Make sure you can provide any specialized care the fish need. For example, different fish need different foods, and some fish require more frequent maintenance than others. Owning fish is a big responsibility.
   • Some fish are perfectly happy with flakes and can be fed with an automatic feeder, which makes it possible to leave the tank unattended for a week or two (assuming the fish are small so the water doesn't need very frequent changing).
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   Get an appropriately sized tank. Look up the minimum tank size for each fish.
   • For goldfish, buy a tank with 20 gallons for the first goldfish, and 10 gallons for each additional goldfish.
   • For smaller freshwater fish, get one gallon per inch of adult fish.
   • The larger freshwater fish require more room. The volume of a fish, and thus, roughly, the amount of food it turns into waste, increases not with its length but with the cube of its length. Therefore, you could keep two or three Neon Tetras, which grow to only an inch or so, per gallon of water, but three or four big six-inch cichlids would be more than enough for a fifty-gallon tank (assuming they aren't very territorial, in which case they might think only one or two is enough!)
   • Active swimmers such as wild-type goldfish and tetras should have a tank many times their body length. In a small tank, slow swimmers such as fancy double-tailed goldfish and Siamese fighting fish will still be happy.
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   Make sure you have all the proper equipment- filters, heaters (for tropical fish), water conditioner, test kit, etc.
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   Set up the tank and cycle it.
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   Put your fish in. Only add a few fish to start with, and slowly build up the population. Adding too many fish at once can overload your filtration system.
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   Perform partial water changes weekly. 20-30% is a good amount. To do a water change, get a gravel vacuum and siphon out any waste in the substrate. This will pull out water at the same time. Replace the water with water from your tap, but remember to treat it with a water conditioner.
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   Test the water regularly. Make sure you have 0 ammonia, 0 nitrite, and under 40 nitrate.
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   Feed your fish two or three times a day.
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    Monitor your fish. While they eat, sit and observe them. Check for anything strange: changing color, falling off fins, damaged tails, etc. Also, make sure all your fish are getting along.
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    Try not to stress out your fish. This includes putting your hand in the tank when you don't need to, touching them, or jumping near the tank.

Fat 32 to NTFS Conversion.

Convert FAT32 to NTFS Without Formatting or Losing Data

You have a flash drive or probably an external hard drive that currently has FAT32 file system and you want to change it to NTFS, because FAT32 does not support handling large files (over 4GB) or it is just simply old for your taste but there is just one problem, you don't want to lose your saved data. This article is for you then as it explains exactly how you can achieve seamless transition from FAT to NTFS without involving any data loss.

While it is generally recommended to use the NTFS file system because of its stability, security and lesser defragmentation time, most of us end up using FAT32 because that is what most disks are preformatted with. Unless, we notice the “Not enough disk space error” despite disk space being available, we don't bother to change the file system. Moreover, most of us don't change it because of the risk of losing important data and lack of time (read laziness). As Microsoft was aware of this scenario, they added a capability in the command prompt to overcome this by executing a simple command. There are manysoftware that support this too but the Convert command is one of the easiest ways to do so. Follow the steps below to know how:-

Important: While this method works perfectly, I would still advise you to backup your data in case anything goes wrong.

FAT 32 to NTFS Conversion Steps

1) Go to Computer, and note the name of the drive whose file system you wish to convert.
2) Click on Start.
3) Type cmd in the search bar if you use Windows 7, Windows 8 or Windows Vista. If you use Windows XP, click on Run and then execute cmd.
4) Execute "chkdsk h: /f " (without quotes) where H is the letter of the drive to undergo conversion. This checks the drive for errors and fixes them automatically.
5) Execute "Convert H: /FS:NTFS" (without quotes). H is again the letter of the drive to be converted.
6) The command prompt will start the conversion process and after a few minutes, CMD will say that conversion was successful.
7) You can check it in the properties of the drive through right click<Properties.

This works on Windows 7, Windows XP, Windows 8 and Windows Vista. I converted my flash drive's file system using these steps and it worked flawlessly. It is interesting to note that this method cannot be used to reconvert NTFS file system back to FAT32. To reconvert back to FAT32, you will need to format the entire drive which will definitely cause data loss.

Top 10 Greatest Mathematicians.

Often called the language of the universe, mathematics is fundamental to our understanding of the world and, as such, is vitally important in a modern society such as ours. Everywhere you look it is likely mathematics has made an impact, from the faucet in your kitchen to the satellite that beams your television programs to your home. As such, great mathematicians are undoubtedly going to rise above the rest and have their name embedded within history. 

This list documents some such people. I have rated them based on contributions and how they effected mathematics at the time, as well as their lasting effect. I also suggest one looks deeper into the lives of these men, as they are truly fascinating people and their discoveries are astonishing – too much to include here. As always, such lists are highly subjective, and as such please include your own additions in the comments!

10

Pythagoras of Samos

Greek Mathematician Pythagoras is considered by some to be one of the first great mathematicians. Living around 570 to 495 BC, in modern day Greece, he is known to have founded the Pythagorean cult, who were noted by Aristotle to be one of the first groups to actively study and advance mathematics. He is also commonly credited with the Pythagorean Theorem within trigonometry. However, some sources doubt that is was him who constructed the proof (Some attribute it to his students, or Baudhayana, who lived some 300 years earlier in India). Nonetheless, the effect of such, as with large portions of fundamental mathematics, is commonly felt today, with the theorem playing a large part in modern measurements and technological equipment, as well as being the base of a large portion of other areas and theorems in mathematics. But, unlike most ancient theories, it played a bearing on the development of geometry, as well as opening the door to the study of mathematics as a worthwhile endeavor. Thus, he could be called the founding father of modern mathematics.

9

Andrew Wiles

The only currently living mathematician on this list, Andrew Wiles is most well known for his proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem: That no positive integers, a, b and c can satisfy the equation a^n+b^n=c^n For n greater then 2. (If n=2 it is the Pythagoras Formula). Although the contributions to math are not, perhaps, as grand as other on this list, he did ‘invent’ large portions of new mathematics for his proof of the theorem. Besides, his dedication is often admired by most, as he quite literally shut himself away for 7 years to formulate a solution. When it was found that the solution contained an error, he returned to solitude for a further year before the solution was accepted. To put in perspective how ground breaking and new the math was, it had been said that you could count the number of mathematicians in the world on one hand who, at the time, could understand and validate his proof. Nonetheless, the effects of such are likely to only increase as time passes (and more and more people can understand it).

8

Isaac Newton and Wilhelm Leibniz

I have placed these two together as they are both often given the honor of being the ‘inventor’ of modern infinitesimal calculus, and as such have both made monolithic contributions to the field. To start, Leibniz is often given the credit for introducing modern standard notation, notably the integral sign. He made large contributions to the field of Topology. Whereas all round genius Isaac Newton has, because of the grand scientific epic Principia, generally become the primary man hailed by most to be the actual inventor of calculus. Nonetheless, what can be said is that both men made considerable vast contributions in their own manner.

7

Leonardo Pisano Blgollo

Blgollo, also known as Leonardo Fibonacci, is perhaps one of the middle ages greatest mathematicians. Living from 1170 to 1250, he is best known for introducing the infamous Fibonacci Series to the western world. Although known to Indian mathematicians since approximately 200 BC, it was, nonetheless, a truly insightful sequence, appearing in biological systems frequently. In addition, from this Fibonacci also contributed greatly to the introduction of the Arabic numbering system. Something he is often forgotten for.

Haven spent a large portion of his childhood within North Africa he learned the Arabic numbering system, and upon realizing it was far simpler and more efficient then the bulky Roman numerals, decided to travel the Arab world learning from the leading mathematicians of the day. Upon returning to Italy in 1202, he published his Liber Abaci, whereupon the Arabic numbers were introduced and applied to many world situations to further advocate their use. As a result of his work the system was gradually adopted and today he is considered a major player in the development of modern mathematics.

6

Alan Turing

Computer Scientist and Cryptanalyst Alan Turing is regarded my many, if not most, to be one of the greatest minds of the 20th Century. Having worked in the Government Code and Cypher School in Britain during the second world war, he made significant discoveries and created ground breaking methods of code breaking that would eventually aid in cracking the German Enigma Encryptions. Undoubtedly affecting the outcome of the war, or at least the time-scale.

After the end of the war he invested his time in computing. Having come up with idea of a computing style machine before the war, he is considered one of the first true computer scientists. Furthermore, he wrote a range of brilliant papers on the subject of computing that are still relevant today, notably on Artificial Intelligence, on which he developed the Turing test which is still used to evaluate a computers ‘intelligence’. Remarkably, he began in 1948 working with D. G. Champernowne, an undergraduate acquaintance on a computer chess program for a machine not yet in existence. He would play the ‘part’ of the machine in testing such programs.

5

René Descartes

French Philosopher, Physicist and Mathematician Rene Descartes is best known for his ‘Cogito Ergo Sum’ philosophy. Despite this, the Frenchman, who lived 1596 to 1650, made ground breaking contributions to mathematics. Alongside Newton and Leibniz, Descartes helped provide the foundations of modern calculus (which Newton and Leibniz later built upon), which in itself had great bearing on the modern day field. Alongside this, and perhaps more familiar to the reader, is his development of Cartesian Geometry, known to most as the standard graph (Square grid lines, x and y axis, etc.) and its use of algebra to describe the various locations on such. Before this most geometers used plain paper (or another material or surface) to preform their art. Previously, such distances had to be measured literally, or scaled. With the introduction of Cartesian Geometry this changed dramatically, points could now be expressed as points on a graph, and as such, graphs could be drawn to any scale, also these points did not necessarily have to be numbers. The final contribution to the field was his introduction of superscripts within algebra to express powers. And thus, like many others in this list, contributed to the development of modern mathematical notation.

4

Euclid

Living around 300BC, he is considered the Father of Geometry and his magnum opus: Elements, is one the greatest mathematical works in history, with its being in use in education up until the 20th century. Unfortunately, very little is known about his life, and what exists was written long after his presumed death. Nonetheless, Euclid is credited with the instruction of the rigorous, logical proof for theorems and conjectures. Such a framework is still used to this day, and thus, arguably, he has had the greatest influence of all mathematicians on this list. Alongside his Elements were five other surviving works, thought to have been written by him, all generally on the topic of Geometry or Number theory. There are also another five works that have, sadly, been lost throughout history.

3

G. F. Bernhard Riemann

Bernhard Riemann, born to a poor family in 1826, would rise to become one of the worlds prominent mathematicians in the 19th Century. The list of contributions to geometry are large, and he has a wide range of theorems bearing his name. To name just a few: Riemannian Geometry, Riemannian Surfaces and the Riemann Integral. However, he is perhaps most famous (or infamous) for his legendarily difficult Riemann Hypothesis; an extremely complex problem on the matter of the distributions of prime numbers. Largely ignored for the first 50 years following its appearance, due to few other mathematicians actually understanding his work at the time, it has quickly risen to become one of the greatest open questions in modern science, baffling and confounding even the greatest mathematicians. Although progress has been made, its has been incredibly slow. However, a prize of $1 million has been offered from the Clay Maths Institute for a proof, and one would almost undoubtedly receive a Fields medal if under 40 (The Nobel prize of mathematics). The fallout from such a proof is hypothesized to be large: Major encryption systems are thought to be breakable with such a proof, and all that rely on them would collapse. As well as this, a proof of the hypothesis is expected to use ‘new mathematics’. It would seem that, even in death, Riemann’s work may still pave the way for new contributions to the field, just as he did in life.

2

Carl Friedrich Gauss

Child prodigy Gauss, the ‘Prince of Mathematics’, made his first major discovery whilst still a teenager, and wrote the incredible Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, his magnum opus, by the time he was 21. Many know Gauss for his outstanding mental ability – quoted to have added the numbers 1 to 100 within seconds whilst attending primary school (with the aid of a clever trick). The local Duke, recognizing his talent, sent him to Collegium Carolinum before he left for Gottingen (at the time it was the most prestigious mathematical university in the world, with many of the best attending). After graduating in 1798 (at the age of 22), he began to make several important contributions in major areas of mathematics, most notably number theory (especially on Prime numbers). He went on to prove the fundamental theorem of algebra, and introduced the Gaussian gravitational constant in physics, as well as much more – all this before he was 24! Needless to say, he continued his work up until his death at the age of 77, and had made major advances in the field which have echoed down through time.

1

Leonhard Euler

If Gauss is the Prince, Euler is the King. Living from 1707 to 1783, he is regarded as the greatest mathematician to have ever walked this planet. It is said that all mathematical formulas are named after the next person after Euler to discover them. In his day he was ground breaking and on par with Einstein in genius. His primary (if that’s possible) contribution to the field is with the introduction of mathematical notation including the concept of a function (and how it is written as f(x)), shorthand trigonometric functions, the ‘e’ for the base of the natural logarithm (The Euler Constant), the Greek letter Sigma for summation and the letter ‘/i’ for imaginary units, as well as the symbol pi for the ratio of a circles circumference to its diameter. All of which play a huge bearing on modern mathematics, from the every day to the incredibly complex.

As well as this, he also solved the Seven Bridges of Koenigsberg problem in graph theory, found the Euler Characteristic for connecting the number of vertices, edges and faces of an object, and (dis)proved many well known theories, too many to list. Furthermore, he continued to develop calculus, topology, number theory, analysis and graph theory as well as much, much more – and ultimately he paved the way for modern mathematics and all its revelations. It is probably no coincidence that industry and technological developments rapidly increased around this time.